Showing posts with label hebreeuws. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hebreeuws. Show all posts

Wednesday 2 November 2011

Accuracy, Word-for-Word Translation Preferred by most Bible Readers

Survey: Bible Readers want Accuracy, Word-for-Word Translation

A new study from LifeWay Research reveals some key findings on what distinctives Bible readers desire for their Bible. A total of 2,000 Bible readers participated through a demographically representative online panel, but to qualify, participants had to read the Bible in a typical month either by themselves or as part of a family activity and not merely in a church or corporate group setting.


Most American Bible readers prefer word-for-word translations of the original Greek and Hebrew over thought-for-thought translations and value accuracy over readability.
That is the finding of a new LifeWay Research study of a total of 2,000 Bible readers who participated through a demographically representative online panel. To qualify, participants had to read the Bible in a typical month either by themselves or as part of a family activity and not merely in a church or corporate group setting.
When asked whether they prefer “word-for-word translations, where the original words are translated as exactly as possible” or “thought-for-thought translations, where the translators attempt to reproduce the intent of the original thought rather than translating the exact words,” 61 percent chose word-for-word.
That includes 33 percent who strongly prefer word-for-word translation and 28 percent who somewhat prefer it. In contrast, 20 percent prefer thought-for-thought, including 6 percent with a strong preference and 14 percent who somewhat prefer it. Fourteen percent say both translation philosophies are equally fine, and 5 percent are not sure.
Regarding accuracy, respondents were asked, “In general, what is more important to you in a Bible: total accuracy to the original words, or easy readability?” Three out of four (75 percent) opt for total accuracy, with 43 percent saying accuracy is much more important and 32 percent saying it is somewhat more important.
Fourteen percent say easy readability is somewhat more important, and 8 percent say it is much more important. Three percent are not sure.
“It is interesting to note that Bible sales do not necessarily follow these preferences,” said Scott McConnell, director of LifeWay Research. “Those reading the Bible each month represent only a portion of all Bible purchasers.
“Bible readers can share their preferences for different translation principles but may not be aware of which characteristics are present in specific translations – even the ones that they own. Without specific instruction most readers will not notice when a translation moves away from a literal or word-for-word translation.”
Respondents hold a variety of opinions regarding the style of language they prefer in a Bible translation for personal reading. Among them:
– 68 percent want language to be simpler to understand while 7 percent want it to be more difficult to understand.
– 81 percent say it should be more enjoyable to read while 4 percent prefer it to be more of a chore to read.
– 27 percent favor contemporary language while 46 percent want traditional language.
– 36 percent want more modern language while 37 percent favor more old-fashioned language.
– 19 percent feel understanding the language should require a higher level of education while 49 percent say it should not require a higher level of education.
– 63 percent believe it should be simple for anyone to understand while 14 percent say the language should be meant more for people who have a lot of experience with the Bible.
– 40 percent prefer more formal language while 26 percent say should be more informal.
– 22 percent want language more for casual reading while 44 percent say it should be designed more for in-depth study.
“In the same way drivers want big, powerful, fuel-efficient vehicles, Bible readers want word-for-word translations that are easy to understand,” said McConnell. “As translators try to cross the globe and two millennia, fully accomplishing both is not always possible.”
The survey also asked about translation of God’s name. Though many Bible versions translate God’s name in the Old Testament as “the LORD,” others prefer using what is believed to be the original pronunciation, “Yahweh.”
Nearly eight in 10 Bible readers (79 percent) prefer the traditional translation “the LORD” over the original pronunciation “Yahweh.” That includes 51 percent who strongly prefer “the LORD” and 27 percent who somewhat prefer it. Seven percent somewhat prefer “Yahweh” while 6 percent strongly prefer it. Eight percent are not sure which they favor.
The vast majority of Bible readers do not prefer gender-inclusive translation approaches. A full 82 percent prefer a literal translation of masculine words that describe people in general rather than a more inclusive translation like “humankind” or “person.”
Study participants were told: “Bible translators have to make choices regarding gender issues. For example, the original Greek and Hebrew often uses masculine words such as those literally meaning ‘man’ to describe people in general. Some translators think these should be translated literally as ‘man’ while others think they should be translated into gender-inclusive terms such as ‘humankind,’ ‘human being,’ ‘person’ or ‘one.’ Which do you prefer?”
A majority (53 percent) strongly prefer literal translation while 29 percent somewhat prefer the literal rendering. Only 9 percent somewhat prefer gender-inclusive translation, and 3 percent strongly prefer it. Six percent are not sure.
Bible readers are even more adamant about not making references to God gender-inclusive.
They were told, “Another issue Bible translators face relates to references to God as ‘father’ in the Greek and Hebrew. Some translators think these should be translated literally as ‘father’ while others think they should be translated into gender-inclusive terms such as ‘parent.’ Do you prefer the literal or more gender-inclusive?”
In response, 89 percent want a literal translation of gender-specific references to God, including 68 percent who strongly prefer literal translation and 21 percent who somewhat prefer literal translation. Five percent somewhat prefer gender-inclusive translation, and 2 percent strongly prefer gender-inclusive translation. Four percent are not sure.
“The places in the Bible in which the inspired writers used masculine words for God, a large majority of Bible readers want translators to use masculine words as well,” noted McConnell. “This is true regardless of whether the reader describes their own spiritual beliefs as liberal or conservative.”
Methodology: The LifeWay Research survey was conducted in August 2011 via online panel. A representative sample of U.S. adult population was invited to participate. Two thousand people who read the Bible once a month or more qualified for the study. Only people who read the Bible personally (outside of group activities) or as part of a family activity were included. The sample of 2,000 provides 95 percent confidence that the sampling error does not exceed + 2.2 percent.
- Nashville, Tenn. - PRWEB -  October 03, 2011

Hebrew, Aramaic and Bibletranslation

Every academic year we do like to swap Bibletranslation to keep our minds alert to what is written and meant in the Holy Scriptures.

Most of us do not speak Hebrew or even do not know to speak or read the language. Having no knowledge of the language in which most of the Books of the Bible are written does not make it easy to come to the full understanding of those Hebrew words.

We do have to depend on translations which can be very strict in their translation or take a lot of freedom to translate what is written with a few words but gives a whole (long) meaning. Having no vowels or "the" "a" or "an" at certain places can create a certain confusion.


The Hebrew language  (/ˈhbr/) (עִבְרִית, Ivrit, About this sound Hebrew pronunciation ) is a Semitic language of the Northern Central (also called Northwestern) group or Afroasiatic language family, closely related to Phoenician and Moabite, with which it is often placed by scholars in a Canaanite subgroup.
Culturally, is it considered by Jews and other religious groups as the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Hebrew language is also used by non-Jewish groups, such as the Samaritans. Most of the Samaritans went to use modern Hebrew or Arabic as their vernacular.

Spoken in ancient times in Palestine, Hebrew was sup­planted by the western dialect of Aramaic which Jeshua (Jesus) also spoke, during the 3rd century BCE; the language con­tinued to be used as a liturgical and literary language, however. It was revived as a spoken language in the 19th and 20th centuries CE and is the official language of Israel.

The history of the Hebrew language is usually divided into three major periods:
 1.Biblical Hebrew is often looked at as a dialetic form of Classical Hebrew The Biblical Hebrew according to scholars flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the Babylonian exile. Classical Hebrew was used until c. 3rd century BCE, in which most of the core of the Torah (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible) or Old Testament is written. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon HaKodesh (לשון הקודש), "The Holy Language", since ancient times.
 2. Mishnaic or rabbinic Hebrew, the language of the Mishna (a collection of Jewish traditions), written c. CE 200 (this form of Hebrew was never used among the people as a spoken language);
 and 3. Modern Hebrew, derived from the word "ʕibri" (plural "ʕibrim") one of several names for the Jewish people, the language of Israel in modern times.

In the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit (יהודית) because Judah (Yәhuda) was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation, late 8th century BCE (Isaiah 36, 2 Kings 18). In Isaiah 19:18, it is also called the "Language of Canaan" (שְׂפַת כְּנַעַן).

Scholars generally agree that the oldest form of He­brew is that of some of the Old Testament po­ems, especially the "Song of Deborah" in chapter 5 of Judges. The sources of borrowed words first appearing during this period include the other Canaanite languages, as well as Akkadian and Aramaic. Hebrew also con­tains a small number of Sumerian words borrowed from an Akkadian source. Few traces of dialects exist in Biblical Hebrew, but scholars believe this to be the result of Masoretic editing of the text. In addition to the Old Tes­tament, a small number of inscriptions in He­brew of the biblical period are extant; the earliest of these is a short inscription in Phoenician characters dating from the 9th century BC. During the early Mishnaic period, some of the guttural consonants of Biblical Hebrew were combined or confused with one another, and many words, among them a number of adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions, were borrowed from Aramaic. Hebrew also borrowed a number of Greek, Latin, and Persian words. Use of the language declined from the 9th century until the 18th century. Modern Hebrew, based on the biblical lan­guage, contains many innovations designed to meet modern needs; it is the only colloquial speech based on a written language. The pronunciation is a modification of that used by Jhe Sefardic (Hispano-Portuguese) Jews rather than that of the Ashkenazic (East European) Jews. The old guttural consonants are' not clearly distinguished or are lost, except by Oriental Jews. The syntax is based on that of the Mishna. Characteristic of Hebrew of all stages is the use of word roots consisting of three consonants, to which vowels are added to derive words of different parts of speech and meaning. The language is written from right to left in a Semitic script of 22 letters.

Hebrew alphabet, either of two distinct Semitic alphabets-the Early Hebrew and the Classical, or Square, Hebrew. Early Hebrew was the alphabet used by the Jewish nation in the period before the Babylonian Exile -i.e., prior to the 6th century BCE - although some inscriptions in this alphabet may be of a later date.

Several hundred inscriptions exist. As is usual in early alphabets, Early Hebrew exists in a variety of local variants and also shows development over time; the oldest example of Early Hebrew writing, the Gezer Calendar, dates from the 10th century BCE, and the writing used varies little from the earliest North Semitic alphabets. The Early Hebrew alphabet, like the modern Hebrew variety, had 22 letters, with only consonants represented, and was written from right to left; but the early alphabet is more closely related in letter form to the Phoenician than to the modern Hebrew. Its only surviving descendant is the Samaritan alphabet, still used by a few hundred Samaritan Jews.

Between the 6th and 2nd centuries BCE, Classi­cal, or Square, Hebrew gradually displaced the Aramaic alphabet, which had replaced Early Hebrew in Palestine. Square Hebrew became established in the 2nd-1st centuries BCE and developed into the modern Hebrew al­phabet over the next 1,500 years. It was ap­parently derived from the Aramaic alphabet rather than from Early Hebrew but was nonetheless strongly influenced by the Early Hebrew script.

Classical Hebrew showed three distinct forms by the 10th century CE: Square Hebrew, a formal or book hand; rabbinical or "Rashi-writing," employed by medieval Jewish scholars; and various local cur­sive scripts, of which the Polish-German type became the modern cursive form.

Dead Sea Scroll Hebrew from the 3rd century BCE to the 1st century CE, corresponding to the Hellenistic and Roman Periods before the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and represented by the Qumran Scrolls that form most (but not all) of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Commonly abbreviated as DSS Hebrew, also called Qumran Hebrew. The Imperial Aramaic script of the earlier scrolls in the 3rd century BCE evolved into the Hebrew square script of the later scrolls in the 1st century CE, also known as ketav Ashuri (Assyrian script), still in use today.

The son of Myriam (Mary/Maria) and Joseph (Josef/Jozef) from the tribe of Daniel, also known as Jeshua, Jesus Christ the Messiah, spoke the Aramaic language which also belongs to the Semitic languages of the Northern Central or Northwestern group or to the Afroasiatic language phylum.The name of the language is based on the name of Aram,  an ancient region in central Syria.(Oxford English dictionary, http://oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/10127)

During its 3,000-year written history, Aramaic has served variously as a language of administration of empires and as a language of divine worship. It was the day-to-day language of Israel in the Second Temple period (539 BCE – 70 CE) The difficulty with this language is that Aramaic's long history and diverse and widespread use has led to the development of many divergent varieties which are sometimes called as dialects, though they are quite distinct languages. Therefore, there is no one singular Aramaic language.

In the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, it gradually supplanted Akkadian as the lingua franca of the Near East and later became the official language of the Persian Empire. Aramaic replaced Hebrew as the language of the Jews; portions of the Old Testament books of Dan­iel and Ezra are written in Aramaic, as are the Babylonian and, Jerusalem Talmuds.

Jesus and the Apostles also spoke this language. Its period of greatest influence extended from c. 300 BC until c. AD 650; it was supplanted by Arabic.

In the early Christian era, Aramaic divided into East and West varieties. West Aramaic dialects include Nabataean (formerly spoken in parts of Arabia), Palmyrene (spoken in Palmyra, which was northeast of Damascus), Palestinian-Christian, and Judeo-Aramaic. West Aramaic is still spoken in a small number of villages in Lebanon. East Aramaic includes Syriac, Mandaean, Eastern Neo-Assyrian, and the Aramaic of the Babylonian Talmud.

One of the most important of these is Syriac, which was the language of an extensive literature between the 3rd and 7th centuries. Mandaean was the dialect of a Gnostic sect centred in lower Mesopotamia. East Aramaic is still spoken by a few small groups of Jacobite and Nestorian Christians in the Middle East.

Modern Aramaic is spoken today as a first language by many scattered, predominantly small, and largely isolated communities of differing Christian, Jewish and Mandean ethnic groups of West Asia. (Heinrichs 1990: xi–xv; Beyer 1986: 53.)
Today we can find it by the Assyrians (also known as Chaldo-Assyrians) in the form of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic.

File:Syriac Sert book script.jpg


Looking into those ancient languages we do want to follow their way of thinking, understanding how the thoughts are blended into words and phrases full of verbatim and proverbs which we do have to try to see and understand in the light of the way of thinking at that time.

To give a simple example, a few weeks ago when somebody said he was "mad about his apartment" the American listener thought he had become crazy or out of mind because of his apartment. Though the speaker meant just the opposite, namely that he was in love with his apartment. He did not detest it in such a way that he became insane of it, but he came into the clouds living there. (Not meaning that he really went up into the clouds, high in sky.) I use this simple example in the hope everyone can understand how we have to follow the way of saying and have to be careful not to take a proverb literally. Because that happens a lot today when folks read the Bible. As Bible readers we have to transpose ourselves in the time when it was written and how the people thought at that time.

Further we have to take into account how we are going to or how Bible-translators did  translate the The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי‎‎, Alephbet 'Ivri).

By using the Jewish script, square script, block script, or more historically, the Assyrian script, it has to be taken into account how it is spoken out and how one word is written against an other. Best it can be compared to other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic.

There have been two script forms in use. The original old Hebrew script is known as the paleo-Hebrew script (which has been largely preserved, in an altered form, in the Samaritan script), while the present "square" form of the Hebrew alphabet is a stylized form of the Aramaic script, which has its alphabet adapted from the Phoenician alphabet and became distinctive from it by the 8th century BCE. The letters all represent consonants, some of which are matres lectionis, which also indicate long vowels.
The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant, since virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems use a script that can be traced back to it, as well as numerous Altaic writing systems of Central and East Asia. This is primarily due to the widespread usage of the Aramaic language as both a lingua franca and the official language of the Neo-Assyrian, and its successor, the Achaemenid Empire. Among the scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BCE, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.
Aramaic alphabet, major writing system in the Near East in the latter half of the 1st mil­lennium BC. Derived from the North Semitic script, the Aramaic alphabet was developed in the 10th and 9th centuries BC and rose into prominence after the conquest of the Aramaean states by Assyria in the 9th and 8th centuries BC. The Aramaic language and script were used as a lingua franca over all of the Near East, and documents and inscriptions in the Aramaic alphabet have been found in Greece, Afghanistan, India, northern Arabia, and Egypt. The oldest inscription in Aramaic script yet discovered dates from approximately 850 BC.
The Aramaic alphabet is a writing system of 22 letters, all indicating consonants, and it is written from right to left. It is ancestral to Square Hebrew and the modern Hebrew al­phabet, the Nabataean and modern Arabic scripts, the Palmyrene alphabet, and the Syriac, as well as hundreds of other writing sys­tems used at some time in Asia east of Syria. Aramaic also has been influential in the devel­opment of such alphabets as the Georgian, Armenian, and Glagolitic.
Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the letters exist. There is also a cursive Hebrew script, which has also varied over time and place.

When we want to use names of persons and places we should carefully look how they are written and spoken. When we transfer certain letters into our language into a consonant we should do that for all the words the same way. In English translations we can often find irregularities in that. For example do we not find Yona, but Jonah, Joshua, and Jeruzalem for Yerusalem, but for Yeshua they write Jesus and for Yahuhwah they suddenly go from three syllables to two syllable and write for the Yod an Ypsolom giving God the Name Yahweh instead of the better translation, keeping to the three original syllables, Jehovah and speaking it better not as Americans with an "Dzee" but with an "Yea".

This year we shall become more confronted with those Aramaic names and also will see that in the original writings of the Scriptures they used different words for slightly different things. In such a way we shall wonder if we not better take those different meanings also in our language as different words so that we clearly shall be able to see if there is been spoken off of a direct pupil of Jeshua (Jesus),  or one of the many disciples or the special pupils or sent ones (Shlichim) or one of the seventy.

By checking if the Beth, Daleth, Gimel Heth, Kaf, Qof and the vowels tërë and bireq are translated into the other languages we shall see where there was no consistency and which one we better should follow.

We do know that within a Hebrew name the aleph represents a smooth breathing, and for practical purposes may be considerd a 'silent' letter, but because it gives a softer sound than without putting the 'h' on top of it we do prefer to use the 'h' as well in Dutch, though the Language Commision gives it without an 'h'. The Governemental Dutch language regulation, by the Dutch Language Union and the Spellingraad (Spelling Committee and Dutch Spelling Council) indicate that we should write Jehova in Dutch for the Hebrew Name of God, but there we prefer to use the International used form of Jehovah to have uniformity on our websites in the different languages (and giving more possibilities to have it spoken out as in Hebrew with the soft h-ending. )


For this article is made use of the Encyclopaedia Britannica where you can find more:

Encyclopaedia Britannica Macropaedia: Major re/. 1:621 b ·alphabetical order antiquity 1:619d . Semitic calligraphy development 3:662b . signs and English equivalent, table 3 8:594 . vowel indication methods 19: 1038c; table 1035 . Yiddish adaptation 8:26c

 alphabet origins and standardization 1:621 b; table 620 . alphabet and English equivalent, table 3 8:594 'alphabetical order antiquity 1:619d ·English vocabulary borrowings 6:879a ·Hamito-Semitic languages map 8:590 ·Israel's revival of common language 9: 105ge ·Jewish liturgical use and status 10:297c . Karaite impetus to 9th-century studies 10:318f ·medieval belief in aboriginality 10:643h ·naming patterns 12: 818f ·origins, development, and literary use 10: 196d 'preservation and educational respect 6: 322f 'punctuation and pointing since 800s 15:276g 'relationships, writing, and phonology 8:592d passim to 595c . sacral status as biblical language 7:60h 'U.S. parochial education curriculum 6:42ge ·Yiddish formative influences 8:25h
 
See also Syriac language. 'ancient spread and influence 17:942g +
 Major re/. 1:619h . calligraphy style and development 3:662b ·Iranian varieties and adaptations 9:456d . origins, spread, and influence 17:942g ·vowel indication methods 19: 1038c; table 1035

RELATED ENTRIES in the Ready Reference and Index: Armenian alphabet; Brahml; Georgian alphabets; Greek alphabet; Hebrew alphabet; Kharo~!l; Klik Turki alphabet; Nabataean alphabet; Pahlavi alphabet; Palmyric alphabet; Samaritan alphabet; Syriac alphabet

Hebreeuws en Aramees vs Germaanse talen

Hebreeuws behoort tot de Semitische tak van de Afro-Aziatische talen. Hierdoor is het Hebreeuws verwant aan andere Semitische talen als het Arabisch, Aramees en Akkadisch en in mindere mate ook aan andere Afro-Aziatische talen als het Amhaars, Berbers en het Egyptisch. De Thora bevat de oudste vorm van Hebreeuws. Het Hebreeuws werd opnieuw een levende taal begin 19e eeuw, waarbij het onder met name seculiere joden geleidelijk een aantal andere door joden gesproken talen, zoals Jiddisch en Ladino, tot op zekere hoogte verving.

Jezus sprak Aramees in de omgang en in de tempel sprak hij het gebruikelijke Hebreeuws. De geschriften uit zijn tijd werden veelvuldig ook in het Aramees opgesteld.

Om die reden nemen wij voor dit academisch jaar de Aramese Bijbels ter hand voor onze Dagelijkse lezingen en in onze dienst.In het Nederlands zullen wij "De Geschriften" en de "AEDNT" of Aremaic English Dutch New Testament gebruiken. In het Engels de equivalent Aramaic English New Testament en "The Sricptures".

 Een kenmerk van veel Semitische talen, waaronder het Hebreeuws, is het zogenaamde triconsonantalisme. Bijna alle woorden kunnen herleid worden tot drie consonanten (medeklinkers), de radicalen, die de wortel (radix) van het woord vormen. Sommige radicaalstammen zijn 'afgesleten' of 'uitgehold', zodat er soms nog maar twee radicalen zichtbaar zijn. Er zijn ook stammen die uit meer dan drie radicalen bestaan, soms onder invloed van andere talen. En dan zijn er nog de leenwoorden, waarvoor de linguïstische wetten van het Hebreeuws uiteraard niet gelden. Hoewel het Jiddisch veel Hebreeuwse en Aramese woorden bevat, behoort die taal tot de Germaanse tak van de Indo-Europese talen - dezelfde taalgroep waartoe ook het Nederlands, het Duits en het Engels behoren.

Het is in de optie rekening te houden met de originele taal dat wij ook beter voorkeur zouden geven aan óf hetzelfde gebruik van een woord óf om een gelijkaardige vertaling te gebruiken. Men kan niet voor één worod een bepaalde klinker of medeklinkerkeuze gebruiken terwijl men voor een ander woord een andere medeklinker en klinker keuze zou gaan toepassen. Zo kan de Yod in het Hebreeuws niet vervangen worden door een J terwijl men op een andere plaats de voorkeur geeft aan het gebruik van een Ypsolom. De Y zou in elke Germaanse taal moeten vertaald worden met een J, daarom niet Yahweh bijvoorbeeld, maar Jahwe. Maar die naam voor god is niet overeenkomstig de drieklank in het Hebreeuws waar het Yahuwhah klinkt als het Nederlandse Jehovah (of "Jehovwhah") Om die reden moet men dan ook opteren voor Jehovah als de meest geschikte omzetting van de Naam van God, de Hashem Elohim "Ik ben die ben".

Friday 30 September 2011

Yahushua, Yehoshua, Yeshua, Jehoshua of Jeshua


Als wij het Hebreeuwse gebruik van namen na gaan, zien wij dat de vroegere namen steeds een betekenis hadden en dikwijls afgeleid waren van een 'hoofdnaam' of een ander persoon zijn naam of karakter waar een verband wenste mee gemaakt worden.

Zo ook is het met de zoon van God, die de "God met ons" of "Immanuel" / Emmanuel werd genoemd. In de Scandinavische landen is het nog steeds de gewoonte om te spreken over "de zoon van" (bijv. Johanson = de zoon van Johan).
Hij die gezonden was van boven en steeds te kennen gaf dat het niet hij was die de werken deed maar de Vader via hem,  is wel de persoon gezonden door God om de mensheid te redden, vandaar dat in zijn naam het verwerkt is dat YaHuWah Redt = Yahushua/Yehoshua/Jehoshuah.

Om die naam van die Nazarener dan te lezen kan men de Hebreeuwse schrijfwijze gebruiken Yahushua of de verkorte vorm Ya Shua (Jah Redt) maar men kan ook in het Arabisch schrift het brengen in onze taal en dan zou het gelijkaardig aan de andere namen moeten omgezet worden, waar de Yod wordt weergegeven als een J en niet als een Y. O diezelfde reden kan men trouwens ook niet opteren voor Yahweh of Yehowah.

Zoals men Jakob en Joshua gebruikt moet men gaan voor Jehovah en Jehoshuah/Jahushua of Jeshua.
De vraag die men kan stellen vandaag is in welke mate wij terug naar het origineel moeten grijpen of ons moeten houden aan algemeen bekende of meest gebruikte namen?

Iedereen kent Jezus of Jesus al is de uitspraak in de verschillende talen zeer verschillend. In het Nederlands en het Engels komt het wel gelijkvormend als de verbastering die ontstaan is om Jahushua/Jehoshua/Jashua in overeenstemming te brengen met de afgod waarin men in de driehoofdige god wenste te verwijzen met de uitspraak "Heil Zeus" = "Ya Zeus" ("Yea-Zeus"). Door deze heidense conotatie kan men zich afvragen of men zich wel aan die naam mag houden of niet beter doet om de werkelijke Hebreeuwse naam in de eigen taal al of niet om te zetten en al doende zo te spreken van Yahushua/Jahushua Jehovah Redt, of Yashua/Jashua Ja Redt of tot de vorm Jeshua (De verklanking van de Hebreeuwse uitspraak in het Nederlands van Yashua)?


Lees hier verder meer over in:

De verkeerde held

God over zijn Naam

The Bible and names in it


Lord or Yahuwah, Yeshua or Yahushua
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Monday 11 January 2010

Oudste Hebreeuwse tekst

Bron: KerkNet

BRUSSEL (KerkNet/Reformatorisch Dagblad/Kath.net) – Israëlieten schreven al drieduizend jaar geleden Hebreeuws. Dat zegt professor Gershon Galil van de universiteit van Haifa. Professor Galil ontcijferde een inscriptie op een potscherf van 15 bij 16,5 centimeter, die anderhalf jaar geleden ontdekt werd bij een archeologische opgraving in Khirbet Qeiyafa (Midden-Israël). Door de bevindingen houden archeologen het voor mogelijk dat de Bijbel eerder werd geschreven dan tot nu toe werd aangenomen.
Met C14-datering is vastgesteld dat de tekst op de potscherf dateert uit de tiende eeuw voor Christus, de tijd van het koninkrijk van David. Het is de oudste tot op heden bekende tekst in het Hebreeuws. Wetenschappers gingen er tot op heden vanuit dat Israëlieten in die tijd nog niet in staat waren Hebreeuwse teksten op te stellen. Uit de vaststellingen van professor Gershon Galil kan worden geconcludeerd dat in die tijd ook al Bijbelteksten in het Hebreeuws konden geschreven worden. De tekst bevestigt tevens het bestaan van het koninkrijk van Israël onder David.
Professor Galil: „Het is nu hoogstwaarschijnlijk dat gedurende de tiende eeuw voor Christus, tijdens de regering van koning David, er schrijvers in Israël waren die in staat waren literaire teksten en complexe geschiedbeschrijvingen zoals in de boeken van Rechters en Samuel op te schrijven.”

(Kerknet)

Sunday 22 November 2009

Hebreeuwse Bijbel terug naar joden in Wenen

Een zestiende eeuwse Hebreeuwse Bijbel, die door de nazi’s in 1938 in beslag werd genomen en later in het Mueum of Jewish Heritage in New York belandde, is teruggegeven aan de Joodse gemeenschap in Wenen.

De uit twee delen bestaande Bijbel werd gedrukt in de jaren 1516-1517. In 1938 namen de nazi’s de volledige bibliotheek van een Joodse synagoge in Wenen in beslag en verscheepten de waardevolle boeken naar Berlijn. Wat er daarna met de bijzondere Hebreeuwse Bijbel is gebeurd, blijft onduidelijk.

Maar in april van dit jaar dook het boek ineens op in Amerika, waar het op een veiling te koop werd aangeboden. In juni schafte het Museum of Jewish Heritage het aan. Waarna men er achter kwam dat het oorspronkelijk behoorde aan de Joodse gemeente in Wenen.

Thursday 18 December 2008

Welke taal sprak Jezus?

Welke taal sprak Jezus?


Welke taal sprak Jezus? ‘Aramees’, zullen de meesten onmiddellijk zeggen. Maar een groep wetenschappers in Israël en daarbuiten (Joden en christenen) geeft een genuanceerd antwoord.

Gelijkenissen werden bijvoorbeeld in het Hebreeuws onderwezen. Professor Shmuel Safrai (Hebreeuwse Universiteit van Jeruzalem) schrijft: ‘De gelijkenis was een van de meest voorkomende gereedschappen van rabbijnse instructie vanaf de tweede eeuw v.Chr. tot aan het einde van de periode van de Amoraiem.’ Amoraiem waren Joodse geleerden die in de periode van 200 tot 500 in Babylonië en het land Israël de mondelinge overlevering doorgaven.

Inscripties
Nieuwtestamenticus David Bivin wijst erop dat de inscripties in de Tweede Tempelperiode (536 v.Chr. – 70 n.Chr.) vaker in het Hebreeuws dan het Aramees waren. Pas geleden nog groeven Israëlische archeologen een kalkstenen sarcofaag op met de Hebreeuws inscriptie Ben Hacohen Hagadol. Dat betekent: ‘zoon van de hogepriester’. De Israëlische Oudheidkundige Dienst veronderstelt dat het inschrift betrekking heeft op een jonge leeftijd overleden zoon van een van de hogepriesters die in de jaren 30 tot 70 AD in Jeruzalem zijn ambt uitoefende.

Van de 2142 inschriften die L.Y. Rahmani in zijn catalogus meldde zijn 146 duidelijk in het Aramees en 200 in het Hebreeuws. In de Tweede Tempelperiode waren er 116 Aramese teksten en 137 Hebreeuwse.

Bivin schrijft in zijn boek New Light on the Difficult words of Jesus dat Jezus in een omgeving leefde waarin meerdere talen werden gesproken. ‘Hebreeuws, Aramees en Grieks werd waarschijnlijk gesproken door de meeste Joden in deze tijd.’

De evangeliën lijken er in eerste instantie op te duiden dat Aramees de taal van Jezus was. Het Aramees en Grieks komt voor op vele inscripties. Het was de officiële taal op documenten en voor de handel. ‘Jezus kende en sprak zeker Aramees, maar vele geleerden geloven nu dat Hij zijn onderwijs gaf in het Hebreeuws’, schrijft Bivin.

Een potscherf met Hebreewse tekst in proto-Kanaänitisch schrift die werd gevonden bij Khirbet Qeiyafa. Het zou om de oudste tekst in het Hebreeuws gaan die ooit gevonden is.

Rabbijnse literatuur
‘De rabbijnen van zijn dagen en honderden jaren na hem gaven hun gelijkenissen, voorschriften, gebeden en preken helemaal in het Hebreeuws. In feite zijn er verschillende duizenden gelijkenissen en geleden opgetekend in de rabbijnse literatuur, en deze zijn bijna allemaal in het Hebreeuws, ook als de omgeving Aramees was.’
 
Bron: Christenen voor Israël